Clement Brako Akomea Table of Contents
The rise of internet-exposed HMIs (Human-Machine Interfaces) poses a critical cybersecurity risk to water and wastewater systems across the United States.
These systems are essential for public health and infrastructure, but their exposure to the internet makes them vulnerable to unauthorized access and potential disruptions. Recent incidents, including attacks by pro-Russia hacktivists, have highlighted the urgent need for enhanced security measures.
To combat this growing threat, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) of the United States of America have issued recommendations to help protect these systems from cyberattacks.
Key Takeaway to Internet-Exposed HMIs
- Internet-Exposed HMIs: Unsecured internet-exposed HMIs can lead to unauthorized access, operational disruptions, and critical safety risks for water systems.
What Are Internet-Exposed HMIs?
Human-machine interfaces (HMIs) are critical components of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems used in water and wastewater facilities.
These interfaces allow operators to monitor and control equipment such as pumps and treatment processes.
However, when HMIs are accessible via the internet without proper cybersecurity controls, they can be exploited by malicious actors to:
- Access sensitive system information, including distribution maps and security settings.
- Manipulate system operations, potentially disrupting water treatment processes.
Real-Life Example of Internet-Exposed HMI Attacks
In 2024, pro-Russia hacktivists exploited internet-exposed HMIs to manipulate water system operations. These attackers:
- Forced equipment to operate beyond safe limits.
- Disabled alarm mechanisms.
- Changed administrative passwords, locking operators out of critical systems.
These attacks caused operational downtime and forced facilities to rely on manual operations, highlighting the severe risks associated with unsecured HMIs.
Key Mitigation Steps
To protect against the risks of internet-exposed HMIs, the EPA and CISA recommend implementing the following measures:
| Mitigation Step | Details |
|---|---|
| Conduct an Inventory | Identify all devices exposed to the internet. |
| Disconnect Devices | Remove HMIs and other systems from public-facing networks where possible. |
| Secure Access | Use strong passwords, change default credentials, and enable Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA). |
| Segment Networks | Implement a DMZ or bastion host to isolate operational technology networks. |
| Enable Geo-Fencing | Restrict access based on geographic locations. |
| Apply Security Updates | Regularly patch software and firmware to address known vulnerabilities. |
| Monitor Access Logs | Track login attempts and identify unusual activity. |
| Use an Allowlist | Permit only authorized IP addresses to access HMIs. |
These measures significantly reduce the risk of unauthorized access and system disruptions.
Available Resources
Organizations can utilize the following resources to bolster their cybersecurity defenses:
- CISA’s Free Cyber Vulnerability Scanning: Request a scan to identify vulnerabilities in internet-accessible assets here.
- EPA Cybersecurity Guidance: Learn how to assess and improve your current security practices here.
- Top Cyber Actions for Securing Water Systems: A joint fact sheet providing actionable cybersecurity steps here.
Why It Matters
Water systems are critical infrastructure. A single attack on an internet-exposed HMI can compromise water quality, disrupt services, and endanger public safety.
As cyber threats evolve, securing these systems is no longer optional but very essential.
About CISA
The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) is the nation’s leading authority on cybersecurity, providing resources and support to help organizations secure their systems against emerging threats.
Rounding Up
The risks posed by internet-exposed HMIs to water and wastewater systems cannot be overstated.
By implementing robust cybersecurity measures and utilizing available resources, operators can protect critical infrastructure and maintain public trust. Proactive action today can prevent catastrophic consequences tomorrow.
FAQs
What is an internet-exposed HMI?
- It’s a Human-Machine Interface connected to the internet, allowing remote access to SCADA systems.
Why are internet-exposed HMIs dangerous?
- They can be exploited by hackers to disrupt operations or steal sensitive data.
What can water facilities do to secure HMIs?
- Disconnect devices from public-facing networks, use strong authentication and enable network segmentation.
What resources are available to help?
- CISA offers free vulnerability scans, and the EPA provides cybersecurity guidance for water systems.
How can organizations contact CISA for support?
- Email [email protected] or visit their website.
